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Ist TM-Forschung unabhängig?Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen werden nach bestimmten Standards durchgeführt, die erfüllt sein müssen, damit die Veröffentlichung zugelassen wird. Dabei spielt es keine Rolle, ob der Wissenschaftler meditiert oder nicht, ebenso wenig wie die Religionszugehörigkeit oder die politische Überzeugung. Die Motivation für die TM-Forschung liegt im objektiven Nachweis von subjektiven Erfahrungen. Diese Motivation hat normalerweise nur jemand, der gute subjektive Erfahrungen mit der TM gemacht hat. Diese Forscher könnte man als "nicht unabhängig" ansehen. |
Wenn nun nicht-meditierende Forscher im Auftrag der TM-Organisation forschen, dann sind sie ebenfalls nicht (finanziell) unabhängig. Forschung der Maharishi University of Management, die vom Staat gefördert wird, ist natürlich auch nicht „unabhängig“.
Wie ist denn dann überhaupt unabhängige Forschung möglich, zumal die persönliche TM-Erfahrung wichtig für die Qualität der Forschung ist? Aus diesem Grund wurden neuere Forschungsarbeiten in Kooperation mit anderen Universitäten und nicht-meditierenden Wissenschaftlern zum Teil mit staatlicher Unterstützung durchgeführt. Unabhängiger kann diese Art von Forschung nicht sein. Die Forschungsergebnisse, die auf diese Weise gewonnen wurden, unterscheiden sich allerdings nicht von früheren. |
Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen über Transzendentale MeditationEs gibt heute (2010) über 700 wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Programm der Transzendentalen Meditation, durchgeführt an über 200 unabhängigen Universitäten und Forschungsinstituten in über 30 Ländern, die mit einer Ausnahme nichts mit der TM-Organisation zu tun haben.. Die Ergebnisse wurden in ca. 350 Peer-Reviewed Artikeln in wissenschaftlichen Fachzeitschriften und Büchern veröffentlicht, darunter den führenden Journalen. (Peer-reviewed bedeutet: von mehreren Gutachtern geprüft.) Peer-Reviewed Artikel erfüllen den höchsten Qualitätsstandard der Wissenschaft. http://www.truthabouttm.org/truth/SocietalEffects/Critics-Rebuttals/index.cfm.). Diese Zeitschriften sind vollständig unabhängig von der TM-Organisation. Das Datenmaterial für statistische Untersuchungen über den Maharishi-Effekt oder Verringerung der Krankheitskosten stammt aus der offiziellen Kriminalstatistik bzw. der Statistik einer unabhängigen Krankenversicherung. Viele wichtige Forschungsergebnisse der Maharishi University of Management (MUM) sind Replikationen früherer Forschungsergebnisse an anderen Universitäten. In anderen Fällen haben Wissenschaftler an anderen Universitäten die Ergebnisse der MIU/MUM-Forscher bestätigt. Hier der Kommentar des Herausgebers einer führenden Fachzeitschrift de Neurologie: "Während der vergangenen 10 Jahre haben die Redakteure und Lektoren des International Journal of Neuroscience (IJN) mehrere wissenschaftliche Arbeiten über Transzendentale Meditation angenommen, da sie den strengen Standards wissenschaftlicher Veröffentlichungen entsprechen. IJN hat zwei Nobelpreisträger sowie eine Gruppe renommierter Wissenschaftler von führenden Universitäten aller Kontinente in seinem Redaktionsteam, das den wissenschaftlichen Wert der vorgelegten Dokumente beurteilt." |
Hier die weitere Kommentare von bedeutenden Wissenschaftlern:http://www.truthabouttm.org/truth/Research/RebuttalofNRCReport/index.cfmhttp://www.truthabouttm.org/truth/Research/Non-MeditatingScientists/index.cfm Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen über den Maharishi-Effekt
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Obwohl die wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten über TM in über 160 Fachzeitschriften und Büchern erschienen sind und allein seit 1990 219 wissenschaftliche Publikationen über TM veröffentlicht wurden ( http://www.truthabouttm.org/truth/Research/ResearchPublications/index.cfm http://www.global-country.net/documentFiles/16.doc ), wird die Seriosität der TM-Forschung in den Medien oft in Zweifel gezogen. Angesichts der ungewöhnlichen Wirkungen sind Zweifel durchaus verständlich. Häufig wird dabei auf eine Untersuchung von Peter Canter und Prof. Edzard Ernst von der Universität Exeter verwiesen: "Die von den Maharishi-Vertretern behaupteten vielfachen Wirkungen der TM konnten in unabhängigen Untersuchungen von Studienergebnissen nicht bestätigt werden. Positive Effekte ließen sich allenfalls in Studien nachweisen, die mit vorbereiteten und positiv voreingenommenen Testpersonen durchgeführt wurden..." |
Anmerkung: Prof. Ernst ist Mitglied der IUPAC (INTERNATIONAL UNION OF PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY). Im Folgenden dazu eine Stellungnahme von Dr. Roger Chalmers, Leiter verschiedener Arztpraxen der Allgemeinmedizin in Ost-England und ehem. wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter der Mahharishi Vedic University, Vlodrop, Holland Antwort auf: Peter H Canter |
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Roger A Chalmers, general practitioner (locum), various GP practices in East Anglia
Canter’s editorial contains a number of omissions, errors, and misleading assertions regarding research on Transcendental Meditation (TM), as taught by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi.(1) For example, no mention is made of a meticulously controlled randomized study conducted at Harvard, which actively controlled for expectation and time spent with instructor. Octogenarians living in residential institutions who learned TM showed significantly greater improvement in mental health, cognitive and perceptual flexibility, systolic blood pressure, and self-reported well- being, as well as significantly lower mortality after three years compared to three control groups who practised either a pseudo-meditation technique (of the ‘relaxation response’ type claimed to imitate TM) or ‘mindfulness’, or received no treatment.(2) Strikingly, the pseudo- meditation controls showed no benefit on any measure, refuting Canter’s assertion that such comparisons have been negative. In terms of competing interest, the lead author’s known interest in TM was well balanced by the second author (and departmental professor), a well-known public proponent of ‘mindfulness’.
In this and many other studies, it is clear that research on TM is not confined to self-selected, pre-disposed subjects: indeed, study populations have varied widely in terms of age, gender, ethnicity, economic status, and social background, with research conducted in diverse clinical, experimental, educational, occupational, and rehabilitation settings. For example, in the randomized study cited by Canter showing benefits from TM in hypertension,(3) subjects were drawn from a high-risk population of elderly African-Americans attending underserved inner city hospital clinics (who, incidentally, were predominantly professed Methodists and Baptists).
Also omitted are studies demonstrating that TM is effective in reducing substance misuse - one of the most important issues in world health and a daily challenge for clinicians. Even though TM involves no advice to modify consumption, a series of meta-analyses found that the technique led to significantly greater reductions in use of tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drugs than conventional programmes specifically directed at these problems.(4) Long-term abstinence rates achieved with TM are particularly impressive.
Contrary to the editorial’s assertion, in one of two randomized studies cited, TM alone was shown to significantly reduce carotid artery atherosclerosis.(5) The other found similar results using a multimodal natural medicine programme (Maharishi Vedic Medicine), but was not designed to examine the effect of TM alone.(6)
Occupational health research, including studies from the Japanese Ministry of Labour, have shown reduced smoking, improved sleep patterns, and benefits for general health and well-being in employees of both large and small companies.(7,8,9)
In keeping with these and other results, research on health care utilization indicates that TM could play an important role in primary prevention and reduction of health costs. A 14-year retrospective study of 2836 people enrolled in the Quebec provincial health insurance scheme found that payments to physicians did not differ between controls and TM subjects in the years prior to beginning the te chnique.However,after commencing TM, payments declined progressively compared to controls. The average annual difference was 13 percent, leading to a cumulative reduction of 55 percent after six years. (10)
An earlier study using data from Blue Cross/Blue Shield, a major US health insurer, found that both hospital admissions and outpatient consultations were over 50% fewer for subjects practising TM compared to norms and controls. In the over-40 age group, the reduction was over 70 percent. Admissions were markedly reduced in all 17 disease categories studied.(11)
TM research now comprises more than 600 studies, conducted at 200 independent universities and research institutions in 30 countries, with original research published in over 120 peer-reviewed journals and participation of more than 360 scientists, most of whom are not affiliated with organizations promoting TM.
As with many useful and innovative medical technologies, some researchers have dedicated a substantial part of their careers to elucidating the effects of TM. One such group based at Maharishi University of Management (a fully-accredited university to PhD level, in Iowa) has, in collaboration with independent clinicians and researchers at other institutions, been responsible for some of the most rigorous research in this field. This in turn has attracted millions of dollars of research grants from the US National Institutes of Health.(3,4,5,14) In contrast to much pharmaceutical research, TM research is not funded by organizations that promote the technique.
It is highly unlikely that journals and their reviewers, not to mention the NIH, would accept anything less than the highest standards when dealing with TM research, all the more so if authors are known to be affiliated with institutions advocating TM. Year after year, these stringent standards have been met.
Canter mentions a meta-analysis which found that TM had twice the treatment effect in reducing anxiety as other forms of meditation and relaxation.(12) Misleadingly, his previous sentence implies that this was ‘carried out by researchers directly involved in the organization offering transcendental meditation’. In fact, the senior author was a physicist at Stanford University who had not previously published research on TM, and although both junior authors had longstanding interests in the technique, neither was directly involved with a TM related institution at the time.
TM’s effect was specifically found superior to methods claimed by their originators to imitate TM, including both pseudo-meditation (like Benson’s relaxation response) and ‘mantra meditation’.(12) Canter questions the clinical relevance of these results because the studies did not include patients ‘with psychiatric illness’. As a GP, I would suggest that only a little of the massive burden that general anxiety places on individual quality of life, the health service, and the economy comes under the remit of ‘psychiatric illness’. All studies included in this meta-analysis used an inventory that has been shown to correlate well with both physiological and clinical aspects of anxiety.
Contrary to Canter’s assertion of no data, further analyses (Table 4, p.967) do indeed show that the superiority of TM in reducing anxiety was maintained or increased when confined to randomized studies with low attrition; to published studies alone; or to randomized studies conducted by authors with a neutral or negative attitude to TM.(12) These results are consistent with a subsequent meta-analysis showing that TM was more than three times as effective as other meditation and relaxation procedures in improving a measure of overall mental well-being.(13)
The description of ‘Benson’s relaxation response’ as a ‘non-cultic form of transcendental meditation’ is curious and unexplained. TM requires no belief, nor any change in life-style, attitudes, or diet, and can be easily learned by anyone regardless of age, education, or culture. TM is a simple, effortless technique practised on an entirely voluntary basis for 15-20 minutes twice daily and is taught by qualified teachers who have completed an extensive training programme. More than five million people from very diverse social, cultural, ethnic, religious, and economic backgrounds have learned the technique in over 100 countries. The ‘relaxation response’ method is not a ‘form of transcendental meditation’: claims by its proponents that it replicates TM’s effects fail to stand up to scrutiny.(2,4,12,13)
Exploring the effects of different techniques is an on-going challenge, but to start from the a priori assumption that all meditation/relaxation methods, and even all ‘cognitive-behavioural’ techniques, are the same because of a few superficial similarities not only flies in the face of research evidence but is as misleading as claiming that morphine and aspirin are essentially the same because both are analgesics.
Canter’s conclusion, repeated in the headline, that ‘conditions treated are stress related’ is not explained but is presumably intended to suggest only relatively minor medical significance. It is, however, virtually meaningless given the lack of agreement on which conditions can be properly described as stress related: do they include hypertension, angina pectoris, atherosclerosis, and longevity to name but a few clinically important end-points shown to improve with TM? (2,3,5,14,15)
TM certainly provides an exceptionally effective and much needed method of reducing stress (4,1216), but its effects are not limited to highly stressed individuals: planned subgroup analysis of a randomized trial showed that TM significantly reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure in both high and low risk subgroups on a measure of psychosocial stress, in contrast to groups who practiced progressive muscular relaxation or received health education. Interestingly, TM was similarly effective for both sexes and for high and low risk subjects on four other dimensions - obesity, alcohol intake, physical inactivity, and dietary sodium-potassium ratio.(14) Cost-effectiveness compared favourably with drug treatment.(17)
Finally, the BMJ has rightly highlighted the massive medical impact of war. At this critical time in world affairs, concerned clinicians may wish to know that more than 40 controlled studies (including prospective projects) published in peer-reviewed journals have found that collective practice of TM and the advanced TM-Sidhi programme by a specific small fraction of the total population consistently reduces crime, violence, war casualties, and conflict intensity, and enhances international harmony.(18,19,20,21)
In an era in which health care is increasingly dominated by management (as opposed to prevention or cure) of chronic disease, anything that truly promotes health and contributes to genuine primary prevention is refreshing. Having observed the comprehensive benefits of TM for health and quality of life in over 3000 individuals, I can wholeheartedly recommend this valuable technique to both patients and colleagues.
Roger A. Chalmers
Competing interests: Roger Chalmers is a full-time locum general practitioner and has derived more than 99% of his income from NHS clinical work over the past 7 years. He became a teacher of Transcendental Meditation in 1975, and has lectured widely on research and medical applications of this and related techniques over the past 27 years. From 1982-1996 he was directly involved with institutions publicly advocating TM holding a number of non-salaried academic positions (including co-editing of collected papers on TM research). From 1987-1991, he worked in full-time private medical practice utilizing the complementary system known as Maharishi's Vedic Approach to Health, which includes TM, alongside modern medicine.
Aus Leserbriefen zur Canter-Studie
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2. Die beeindruckenden Ergebnisse von Schülern, die Transzendentale Meditation ausüben, in landes- und bundesweiten Tests, die etwa in den USA regelmäßig von Regierungsbehörden oder anderen unabhängigen Verbänden und Vereinigungen durchgeführt werden, zeigen, dass im Mittel TM-praktizierende Schüler tatsächlich kognitiv fitter, kreativer, origineller sind und mehr Intelligenz an den Tag legen. In den letzten zehn Jahren haben TM praktizierende Schüler mehr als 90 Landes-, Bundes- und internationale Titel in naturwissenschaftlichen, matehmatischen und Sprachentests, anderen Wettbewerben in Theater, Sport, kreativen und künstlerischen Zusammenhängen gewonnen -dazu Näheres auf der Website: http://www.maharishischooliowa.org/pioneers.htm und http://www.maharishischooliowa.org/aboutSchool/academic2.htm. 3. Bemerkenswert ist, dass sich die Studie nur auf die Analyse der wissenschaftlichen TM-Untersuchungen über kognitive Funktionen und Intelligenz beschränkt, anstatt sich vorrangig mit den physiologischen Messungen und statistischen Untersuchungen über die Auswirkungen der TM auf die Gebiet der Gesundheit zu befassen, der eigentlichen Kernkompetenz eines Universitätslehrstuhl für Komplementärmedizin. Es scheint, daß Herr Canter gewisse Profilierungstendenzen zeigt und sich dazu die TM ausgesucht hat. Er hat keinerlei Erfahrung auf diesem Fachgebiet oder gar Publikationen über Meditationstechniken vorzuweisen. Möglicherweise ist er bezahlt von Interessengruppen, die nicht an einer Senkung der Krankheitkosten interessiert sind. Wie sind Voreingenommenheit und methodische Fehler und das bewusste Weglassen von für die TM sprechenden Arbeiten und Fakten sonst zu erklären als mit dem Ziel, die TM zu diskreditieren? |
| Wien Klin.Wochenschr. 2003 Nov 28;115(21-22):758-66 und http://www.aerztezeitung.de/docs/2004/07/29/141a1203.asp?cat=/medizin/stress. Related Articles, Links The cumulative effects of Transcendental Meditation on cognitive function--a systematic review of randomised controlled trials.
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